Topic 23: Aldehydes and ketones: nomenclature, spectroscopy, and synthesis

23.1When does one need to use the suffix “carbaldehyde” and not “aldehyde” when naming aldehydes?
 
23.2IUPAC has two systems (actually, even more than that). The one we have been learning is called the substitutive nomenclature. In that system, we have the sequence: stereo-prefix-root-infix-suffix for all names, where suffix in the case of ketones is “one.” The other system is called additive nomenclature. This system simply lists the substituents in alphabetical order, usually as separate words, followed by the name of the functional group. For example: ethyl bromide, methyl alcohol, diethyl ether. It‘s a simple system designed for simple compounds, that is, ones that don‘t require the use of numbers. Your book uses the term “common names” for IUPAC additive nomenclature. What are examples of this system used in the case of ketones?
 
23.3How could you distinguish between a ketone and an aldehyde using 1H-NMR spectroscopy? How about IR?
 
23.4In 1H-NMR, a normal CH3 group (as in an alkane) appears around δ1.2. Where does that signal shift to when there is a C=O next to that group?
 
23.5What are three ways we have learned to make aldehydes?
 
23.6What are four ways we have learned to make ketones?
 

Topic 24: Irreversible reactions of aldehydes and ketones

24.1What are two irreversible reactions of aldehydes and ketones that we have already learned in previous chapters? What makes those reactions irreversible?
 
24.2What is the new irreversible reaction of aldehydes and ketones that is introduced in this chapter?
 
24.3Looking at Figure 21.7, what do all the reversible reactions (the ones introduced in sections not included in today‘s reading) have in common?
 
24.4What characterizes the Wittig (pronounced “VITT-igg”) reaction? What is the driving force of this reaction? That is, what makes this reaction irreversible?
 
24.5How do you make a Wittig reagent?
 
24.6What is a zwitterion? (See Section 19.11B)
 
24.7What is an ylide (pronounced ILL-id)?
 
24.8Would you consider the Wittig reaction to be a green reaction, or not?
 
24.9What are the limitations of the Wittig reaction?
 
24.10What conditions do all the reversible reactions discussed in these sections have in common?
 
16 questions
472 questions for Organic II

472 Questions for Organic II

Dearest Student. This web page is a set of questions I call Detailed Intended Learning Outcomes For Organic Chemistry (Part II). Some time ago I asked myself, "Bob, what do you think are the key questions that you hope students will be able to answer after taking Chemistry 248 at St. Olaf College?" So here you have them. Some are very simple; some require more thought. All are good questions to be thinking about as you read, discuss, and master the practical aspects of organic chemistry. They are discussion starters and review tips. There are no answers here (though there are some clues). The questions are here to help you focus on what's important (to me, at least!) and organize your learning process. The questions are grouped into topics. Bite-size chunks. Take them a few at a time. Don't feast on them all at one sitting!

(preliminary version 2021.01.15 feeback: Bob Hanson)